Bitcoin-halvering, enkelt forklaret: Hvad er det?

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Bitcoinhalveringen i april 2024 nemt forklaret: Hvad er det? | Bitwise

Næste bitcoin-halvering er planlagt til april i år. Belønningen til bitcoin-minere vil blive halveret for fjerde gang. Men hvad er en bitcoin-halvering? Hvordan påvirker halveringen prisen på kryptovalutaen? Her får du svarene på disse vigtige spørgsmål:

  1. Hvad betyder Bitcoin-halvering?
  2. Hvordan fungerer halveringen?
  3. Halvering - belønningen for minearbejdere sænkes
  4. Hvilke konsekvenser har en Bitcoin-halvering?
  5. Påvirker Bitcoin-halveringen prisen?
  6. Hvorfor kan antallet af minearbejdere falde?

Hvad betyder Bitcoin-halvering?

Bitcoinentusiaster venter spændt på den næste halvering af Bitcoin, som forventes at finde sted i april i år. Selvom en præcis dato endnu ikke er fastlagt, vil begivenheden have en betydelig effekt på Bitcoin og de processer, der ligger bag. Halveringen betragtes som en af de vigtigste begivenheder i Bitcoin-protokollen. Den refererer til den hastighed, hvormed nye bitcoins skabes. Denne mekanisme blev defineret algoritmisk, da Bitcoin blev skabt. Formålet er at bremse hastigheden, hvormed nye dele af kryptovalutaen skabes, hvilket i sidste ende stabiliserer dens værdi. For at forstå Bitcoin-halvering skal man sætte sig ind i grundlaget for konceptet.

Hvordan fungerer halveringen?

Den første, mest kendte og overlegent største kryptovaluta, bitcoin, skabes gennem en proces kaldet "mining" (kryptoudvinding). Mining indebærer, at deltageren - mineren - behandler transaktioner på bitcoins blokkæde ved at udføre matematiske beregninger. Belønningen de modtager for at deltage i netværket er nye bitcoins, lidt ligesom at grave efter guld i en mine. Denne proces udføres af computere, der skal løse komplekse matematiske problemer for at validere transaktioner og skabe nye bitcoins. Som belønning for dette beregningsarbejde får minere både transaktionsgebyrer og et bestemt antal nye bitcoins. Sådan fungerer bitcoin-modellen kort fortalt.

Halvering - belønningen for minearbejdere sænkes

Bitcoin-protokollen er designet til, at der i slutningen af minedprocessen vil være 21 millioner bitcoins. Det er det maksimale antal bitcoins, der nogensinde vil eksistere. Belønningen for at udføre minedrift halveres for hvert 210.000. blok, hvilket hidtil er sket cirka hvert fjerde år. Det er denne mekanisme, der er kendt som "halvering".

Hvor hurtigt det går, afhænger af computerens ydeevne. Jo bedre ydeevne, desto hurtigere går det. Derfor er det ikke muligt at forudsige præcist, hvornår halveringen vil finde sted. Når halveringen finder sted, halveres belønningen for hvert indløst blok i blokkæden.

Oprindeligt var belønningen 50 bitcoins for hver blok. Ved den første halvering, der fandt sted i 2012, blev dette antal reduceret til 25. Ved den anden halvering i 2016 blev belønningen reduceret til 12,5 bitcoins pr. blok. Den seneste halvering fandt sted i maj 2020, hvor belønningen blev halveret til 6,25 bitcoins pr. blok. I april i år, når den næste halvering forventes at finde sted, vil denne belønning blive reduceret til 3,125 bitcoins pr. blok.

Hvilke konsekvenser har en Bitcoin-halvering?

En bitcoinhalvering har betydelige konsekvenser for hele bitcoinsystemet og dets marked. En af de mest åbenlyse konsekvenser er, at færre nye bitcoins udstedes, hvilket fører til en deflationseffekt. Da der skabes færre bitcoins pr. blok, reduceres hastigheden, hvormed nye bitcoins kommer i omløb. Dette betyder, at færre bitcoins kommer ud på markedet. Dette adskiller sig fra de traditionelle monetære valutaer som euroen eller dollaren, hvis værdi kan øges eller formindskes af regeringer og centralbanker.

Ved på denne måde at begrænse udbuddet af bitcoin styrkes tilliden til, at kryptovalutaen vil bevare sin værdi, hvilket forhindrer den værdinedgang - inflation - som er typisk for traditionelle centralbankvalutaer (fiat).

Påvirker Bitcoin-halveringen prisen?

En anden vigtig effekt af denne halvering er, at prisen på bitcoin kan påvirkes. Historiske data viser, at halveringer ofte følges af prisstigninger, men der er naturligvis ingen garantier for dette. Men logikken bag er klar - hvis færre Bitcoin kommer ud på markedet, vil udbuddet stige langsommere. Derudover mindsker incitamentet for minere til at udvinde, da de får færre bitcoin som belønning for deres arbejde. Forretningsmodellen bygger normalt på, at de sælger hele deres afkast i form af bitcoin – så lavere afkast betyder, at færre bitcoin kommer ud på markedet.

Samtidig påvirker denne begivenhed naturligvis også interessenter, der opererer på markedet. Når ikke så mange nye bitcoins udstedes som tidligere, kan det føre til valutaspekulation. Investorer køber bitcoins i troen på, at manglen vil føre til, at prisen stiger. Denne øgede købsaktivitet kan i sig selv føre til, at prisen stiger.

Prisen på kryptovalutaer afhænger således af mange forskellige faktorer. Lad os se på, hvad der er sket historisk set. ETC Groups analyser viser, at effekten på prisen først blev statistisk signifikant omkring 100 dage efter hver halvering. Og 200 dage efter en halvering blev prisens effekt i høj grad statistisk signifikant. André Dragosch, forskningschef hos ETC Group, antager derfor, at effekten af halveringer på bitcoinprisen aldrig kan forudsiges fuldt ud på forhånd, på trods af markedets forventninger.

Hvorfor kan antallet af minearbejdere falde?

Desuden kan halveringerne også påvirke lønsomheden af bitcoin-minedrift. Da belønningen for at mine halveres, kan det ske, at visse minere ikke længere kan udvinde med overskud. Dette gælder især, når energiomkostningerne er høje. Dette kan føre til, at branchen konsolideres, når visse minere forlader markedet.

Færre leverandører betyder, at de større minedriftspooler får mere indflydelse, hvilket igen forringer den ønskede decentralisering af bitcoin-netværket. Men hvis bitcoin-prisen stiger, kan det i sidste ende stadig betyde, at de fleste minere formår at dække deres omkostninger.

Konklusionen vi kan drage af dette er tydelig: bitcoin-halveringen er en del af den oprindelige udformning af kryptovalutaen og hjælper med at forhindre inflation i systemet. Det sigter mod at regulere udbuddet og gradvist øge knapheden på bitcoin indtil det maksimale antal på 21 millioner bitcoin er nået. Det er svært at vurdere virkningerne på kort sigt. Dog har de halveringer, der hidtil er sket, ført til, at prisen på bitcoin er steget på mellemlang og lang sigt.

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Frag Jan

Jan Altmann ist ETF-Experte und erfahrener Referent von Online-Seminaren und Präsenzseminaren. Seit 2022 ist Altmann Direktor Investment Strategy der ETC Group im deutschsprachigen Raum, dem führenden deutschen Krypto ETP Anbieter.

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