Bitcoin-Halving einfach erklärt: Was steckt dahinter?

Bitcoin Halving 2024 einfach erklärt: Bedeutung & Folgen

Im April diesen Jahres steht das nächste Bitcoin-Halving an. Dabei wird die Belohnung für die Bitcoin-Miner zum vierten Mal halbiert. Doch was ist Bitcoin-Halving? Welche Auswirkungen hat das auf den Preis der Kryptowährung? Wir klären diese wichtigen Fragen:

Was ist Bitcoin-Halving?

Mit Spannung warten die Anleger auf das nächste Bitcoin-Halving im April dieses Jahres. Das exakte Datum steht zwar noch nicht fest, dass dieses Ereignis weitreichende Auswirkungen auf den Bitcoin und die Prozesse dahinter haben wird jedoch schon.

Das Halving gilt als eines der wichtigsten Ereignisse im Bitcoin-Protokoll. Es bezieht sich auf die Geschwindigkeit, mit der neue Bitcoins erzeugt werden. Dabei handelt es sich um einen bereits im Entstehen des Bitcoins algorithmisch festgelegten Mechanismus. Damit soll das Schöpfen neuer Anteile der Kryptowährung verlangsamt werden, was letztlich ihre Wertbeständigkeit erhöht. Um das Bitcoin-Halving zu verstehen, sollten sich Anleger mit dem grundlegenden Konzept dahinter vertraut machen.

Wie funktioniert das Halving?

Bitcoin, die erste, bekannteste und mit Abstand größte Kryptowährung, wird durch einen Prozess namens "Mining" (deutsch: Schürfen) erzeugt. Beim Mining werden Transaktionen auf der Bitcoin-Blockchain verarbeitet und neue Bitcoins als Belohnung für die Teilnahme am Netzwerk an die Miner ausgegeben. Dieser Prozess wird von Computern durchgeführt, die einen sog. Hash finden müssen, um Transaktionen zu validieren und neue Bitcoins zu schaffen. Dabei wird nach dem Versuch-und-Fehler Prinzip jede mögliche alphanumerische Kombination eines Hashes bestehend aus 64 Zeichen ausprobiert. Als Belohnung für diese Rechenarbeit erhalten die Miner sowohl Transaktionsgebühren als auch eine festgelegte Anzahl neuer Bitcoins. Das ist ihr Geschäftsmodell.

Halving: Die Belohnung für die Miner werden reduziert!

Das Bitcoin-Protokoll ist so konzipiert, dass es am Ende des Mining-Prozesses 21 Millionen Bitcoin geben wird. Mehr sind nicht möglich. Die Belohnung für das Mining wird dabei alle 210.000 Blöcke halbiert, was bisher ungefähr alle vier Jahre geschehen ist. Dieser Mechanismus wird als "Halving" bezeichnet.

Da es sich um einen probabilistischen Vorgang handelt, bei dem sich die Block-Zeit auf ca. 10 Minuten einpendelt, ist im Vorhinein nicht exakt zu sagen, wann genau das Halving stattfindet. Wenn das Halving eintritt, wird die Belohnung für jeden gelösten Block halbiert, also um –50 % reduziert.

Ursprünglich gab es für jeden Block 50 Bitcoins als Belohnung. Beim ersten Halving im Jahr 2012 wurde diese auf 25 Bitcoins reduziert. Beim zweiten Halving 2016 sank die Belohnung dann auf 12,5 Bitcoins pro Block. Das letzte Halving fand im Mai 2020 statt, wodurch die Belohnung auf 6,25 Bitcoins pro Block halbiert wurde. Im April wird mit dem nächsten Halving die Belohnung auf 3,125 Bitcoins pro Block sinken.

Welche Folgen hat das Bitcoin-Halving?

Das Bitcoin-Halving hat weitreichende Folgen für das Bitcoin-Ökosystem und den Markt. Einer der offensichtlichsten Effekte ist die Verringerung des Angebotswachstums neuer Bitcoins, was zu einer deflationären Wirkung führt. Da weniger Bitcoins pro Block erzeugt werden, wird die Rate, mit der neue Bitcoins in Umlauf gebracht werden, verlangsamt. Es kommen also weniger Bitcoins auf den Markt. Dies steht im Gegensatz zu klassischen Geld-Währungen wie Euro oder Dollar, deren Menge von Notenbanken ungebremst gesteigert oder gesenkt werden kann.

Die Begrenzung des Bitcoin-Angebots durch das Halving soll dazu beitragen, das Vertrauen in die Kryptowährung als Wertspeicher zu stärken und die für Zentralbankwährungen typische Inflation zu verhindern.

Hat das Bitcoin-Halving eine Auswirkung auf den Preis?

Ein weiterer wichtiger Effekt des Bitcoin-Halvings ist die potenzielle Auswirkung auf den Preis von Bitcoin. Historische Daten legen nahe, dass Halvings oft mit signifikanten Preisanstiegen einhergingen, aber dies ist natürlich keine garantierte Entwicklung.

Die Logik dahinter ist aber eindeutig: Wenn weniger Bitcoin auf den Markt kommen, geht das Angebotswachstum zurück. Dabei sinkt der Verkaufsdruck der Miner, die weniger Bitcoin als Belohnung für ihre Tätigkeit erhalten. Deren Geschäftsmodell basiert in der Regel auf dem vollständigen Verkauf ihrer Bitcoin-Erträge – durch geringere Erträge kommt weniger auf den Markt.

Gleichzeitig hat dieses Ereignis natürlich auch Auswirkungen auf die Anleger am Markt. So könnte das sinkende Angebot neuer Bitcoins die Nachfrage erhöhen, da Investoren darauf spekulieren, dass eine Knappheit an Bitcoins zu einem Preisanstieg führen könnte. Dies könnte zu einer verstärkten Kaufaktivität und somit zu einem Preisanstieg führen.

Die Preisbildung von Kryptowährungen hängt von vielen Faktoren ab. Allerdings lohnt es sich auch hier, einmal auf die Vergangenheit zu blicken. So zeigen Analysen der ETC Group, dass der Preiseffekt erst im Durchschnitt ab circa 100 Tagen nach dem Halving statistisch signifikant wurde. Nach 100 Tagen wurde der Preiseffekt dann zunehmend in einem hohen Maße statistisch signifikant.

Die signifikante Performance-Differenz nach mehr als 100 Tagen nach dem Halving abzüglich der Performance vor der dem Halving impliziert, dass der Halving-Effekt statistisch wahrscheinlich kein Zufall gewesen sein kann. Deshalb geht Dr. André Dragosch, Head of Research der ETC Group, davon aus, dass Halvings trotz der Markterwartung technisch historisch betrachtet nie komplett vorab eingepreist wurden und auch aktuell nicht davon ausgegangen werden sollte, dass dies bereits im Preis reflektiert sei.

Bitcoin-Miner könnten aufgeben!

Darüber hinaus kann das Halving auch Auswirkungen auf die Rentabilität des Bitcoin-Minings haben. Da die Belohnung für das Mining halbiert wird, werden einige Miner möglicherweise nicht mehr rentabel arbeiten können. Dies gilt insbesondere in Zeiten, in denen die Energiekosten eine entscheidende Rolle spielen. Dies könnte zu einer Konsolidierung in der Industrie führen, einige Miner könnten aus dem Markt ausscheiden.

Weniger Anbieter heißt aber auch, dass die Dezentralisierung des Bitcoin-Netzwerks beeinträchtigt werden könnte, da große Mining-Pools mehr Einfluss gewinnen. Im Endeffekt könnte aber auch ein steigender Bitcoin-Preis dazu führen, dass die meisten Miner kostendeckend arbeiten.

Das Fazit ist eindeutig: Das Bitcoin-Halving ist Teil des ursprünglichen Designs von Bitcoin und trägt dazu bei, dass es zu keiner Inflation im System kommt. Es dient dazu, das Angebot zu regulieren und die Knappheit von Bitcoin stetig zu erhöhen, bis die Maximalzahl von 21 Millionen Bitcoin erreicht wird. Es ist schwierig, die sehr kurzfristigen Auswirkungen abzuschätzen. Die bisherigen Halving-Ereignisse führten aber mittel- und langfristig zu signifikant steigenden Bitcoin-Preisen.

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