Kryptofond - hva er forskjellen mellom ETP, ETC og ETN?

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Krypto ETF, ETP, ETC og ETN: Hva er forskjellene og hvordan fungerer de? | Bitwise

I januar i år ble de første kryptofondene (ETF-er, altså børsnoterte fond for kryptovalutaer) godkjent i USA. Her i Europa er det for øyeblikket ikke mulig å investere i slike fond. Investorer kan imidlertid enkelt og kostnadseffektivt delta i utviklingen av bitcoin og flere kryptovalutaer gjennom såkalte børsnoterte produkter. Men hva er egentlig kryptofond eller ETF-er? Og hva er forskjellen mellom fond som går under betegnelsene ETP, ETC eller ETN? Vi klargjør de viktigste spørsmålene.

  1. Hva er egentlig en kryptofond, og hvordan fungerer den?
  2. Hvorfor finnes det ingen bitcoinfond i Europa?
  3. ETP med kryptovalutaer som underliggende: det europeiske alternativet
  4. ETC-er: alternativet for råvaremarkedet (børshandlede råvarer)
  5. ETN-er: børshandlede gjeldsinstrumenter

Vad Hva er egentlig en kryptofond, og hvordan fungerer den?

Godkjenningen av den første spot-ETF-en for bitcoin i USA ble fulgt av mye medieoppmerksomhet. Forventningene var store til at fondet raskt skulle øke i verdi. Og allerede i løpet av de første handelsdagene kunne ETF-leverandørene konstatere at lanseringen var vellykket. Etter bare to uker rapporterte verdens største kapitalforvalter, BlackRock, innstrømninger på over to milliarder USD for sin børsnoterte fond iShares Bitcoin Trust (IBIT). Det er nesten dobbelt så mye som den største sammenlignbare produktet i Europa, ETC Group Physical Bitcoin – forkortet BTCE – hadde fått inn tre og et halvt år etter lanseringen.

Børsnoterte bitcoin-fond gjør det enklere for institusjonelle og private investorer å investere i kryptovalutaer. Selv om det allerede tidligere fantes ETF-er for bitcoin i USA, investerte disse ikke direkte i kryptovalutaen, men forsøkte å replikere prisutviklingen for Bitcoin via terminshandel. Investoren bærer da en høyere utstederisiko.

I tillegg er replikering dyrere og mindre pålitelig, ettersom det ofte forekommer avvik fra prisen på den underliggende eiendelen. Spot-ETF-er kjøper derimot bitcoins direkte og beskytter dermed investorer mot motpartsrisikoen som finnes i børsnoterte produkter ved en utstederkonkurs..

Hvorfor finnes det ingen bitcoinfond i Europa?

Investorer i EU kan ikke kjøpe bitcoinfond på samme måte som investorer i USA kan gjøre. Grunnen til dette er at ETF-er kategoriseres som verdipapirfond i EU. De må oppfylle to kriterier: For det første må eiendelene være verdipapirer. For det andre må verdipapirfondene diversifisere sine eiendeler. Det er ikke tillatt å investere i en enkelt eiendel. Disse reglene er på plass for å beskytte investorene, slik at de lettere kan forstå hva en produkt består av og hvordan den fungerer.

Disse reglene medfører at ETF-er ikke kan inneholde kryptovalutaer i EU, siden disse ikke er verdipapirer i lovens forstand, og det ikke er tillatt å investere i bare én eiendel. Det samme gjelder for eksempel gull. Imidlertid har investorer i EU i mange år kunnet investere i enkelte kryptovalutaer eller en gruppe kryptovalutaer (en "kurv" eller "basket") via andre produkter, nemlig børsnoterte produkter (ETP-er) for kryptovalutaer.

ETP med kryptovalutaer som underliggende: det europeiske alternativet

Børsnoterte produkter - forkortet ETP - er egentlig den generiske betegnelsen for børsnoterte verdipapirer som følger utviklingen av andre eiendeler eller en indeks. Børsnoterte produkter (ETP-er) er delt inn i følgende tre kategorier i Europa: ETF-er (Exchange Traded Funds), ETC-er (Exchange Traded Commodities/Currencies) og ETN-er (Exchange Traded Notes).

Akronymen ETP brukes ofte synonymt med ETC (Exchange Traded Cryptocurrency eller børsnoterte kryptovalutaer), for eksempel innenfor kryptosegmentet. Som for aksjer og fond skjer handelen via en vanlig verdipapirkonto. Juridisk sett er ETP-er gjeldsbrev for den respektive utstederen.

Slike produkter er notert på børser og handles på lignende måte som aksjer, noe som betyr at prisen på dem varierer fra dag til dag. Siden ETP-er er utformet for å replikere avkastningen på en underliggende eiendel eller en referanseindeks, styres prisene på dem av prisene på de underliggende investeringene de følger.

ETC-er: alternativet for råvaremarkedet (børshandlede råvarer)

I EU er børshandlede råvarer, forkortet ETC, en underkategori av ETP-er. Som navnet antyder, brukes disse produktene til å investere i enkeltråvarer eller råvarekurver. Den mest kjente ETC-en er den for gull. Den har vært på markedet siden 2004, og konseptet er derfor godt bevist.

ETC Group har endret forkortelsen til "Exchange Traded Crypto", fordi ETP-ene på kryptovalutaer fungerer etter samme prinsipp som ETC-ene på gull.

Som med spot-ETF-er i USA, spores utviklingen av bitcoin og andre kryptovalutaer med forholdet 1:1. I Europa er ETC Group den største leverandøren av ETP-er for kryptovalutaer. De forvalter eiendeler til en verdi av over 1 milliard euro..

Den største og mest handlede ETP-en på markedet er ETC Group Physical Bitcoin . Men det er flere leverandører og også ETP-er for andre kryptovalutaer som for eksempel cardano, ethereum, litecoin, solana og XRP

ETC Group er også den første i verden som lanserer en ETP med en kurv av kryptovalutaer som følger MSCI Digital Assets Select Index. Dette produktet følger utviklingen for de 20 ledende investerbare kryptovalutaene. Samlet sett utgjør disse omtrent 85 prosent av den totale markedsverdien for alle kryptovalutaer.

Som alle produkter fra ETC Group er denne ETP-en fysisk sikret med underliggende kryptovalutaer. Investorer kan dermed på en trygg, enkel og kostnadseffektiv måte investere passivt og diversifisert i kryptomarkedet..

ETN-er: børshandlede gjeldsinstrumenter

Bortsett fra ETP-er på kryptovalutaer og råvarer, finnes det i Europa også børshandlede obligasjoner – forkortet ETN. Med en ETN kan investorer investere i ytterligere underliggende eiendeler eller strategier som ikke kan dekkes av andre produkter. Som et eksempel kan nevnes ETN-er på indekser som DAX, som er belånt minst tre ganger. ETN fungerer dermed som et supplement til de andre produktkategoriene.

Rent juridisk er også ETN-er rentebærende verdipapirer. Investorer bør derfor alltid være oppmerksomme på om og hvordan produktet er sikret. I beste fall er de, som alle ETC Groups produkter, fysisk sikret, dvs. hver andel er støttet opp til 100 prosent av kryptovalutaene. For ETC Groups del innehar de panteretten i kryptovalutaene som oppbevares av en uavhengig forvalter som disponerer eiendelene til fordel for investorene i tilfelle av utstederens insolvens. Til forskjell fra ETC-er, har ETN-er ofte en begrenset løpetid, noe som også øker risikoen i investeringene.

Important information:

This article does not constitute investment advice, nor does it constitute an offer or solicitation to buy financial products. This article is for general informational purposes only, and there is no explicit or implicit assurance or guarantee regarding the fairness, accuracy, completeness, or correctness of this article or the opinions contained therein. It is advised not to rely on the fairness, accuracy, completeness, or correctness of this article or the opinions contained therein. Please note that this article is neither investment advice nor an offer or solicitation to acquire financial products or cryptocurrencies.

Before investing in crypto ETPs, potentional investors should consider the following:

Potential investors should seek independent advice and consider relevant information contained in the base prospectus and the final terms for the ETPs, especially the risk factors mentioned therein. The invested capital is at risk, and losses up to the amount invested are possible. The product is subject to inherent counterparty risk with respect to the issuer of the ETPs and may incur losses up to a total loss if the issuer fails to fulfill its contractual obligations. The legal structure of ETPs is equivalent to that of a debt security. ETPs are treated like other securities.

About Bitwise

Bitwise is one of the world’s leading crypto specialist asset managers. Thousands of financial advisors, family offices, and institutional investors across the globe have partnered with us to understand and access the opportunities in crypto. Since 2017, Bitwise has established a track record of excellence managing a broad suite of index and active solutions across ETPs, separately managed accounts, private funds, and hedge fund strategies—spanning both the U.S. and Europe.

In Europe, for the past four years Bitwise (previously ETC Group) has developed an extensive and innovative suite of crypto ETPs, including Europe’s largest and most liquid bitcoin ETP.

This family of crypto ETPs is domiciled in Germany and approved by BaFin. We exclusively partner with reputable entities from the traditional financial industry, ensuring that 100% of the assets are securely stored offline (cold storage) through regulated custodians.

Our European products comprise a collection of carefully designed financial instruments that seamlessly integrate into any professional portfolio, providing comprehensive exposure to crypto as an asset class. Access is straightforward via major European stock exchanges, with primary listings on Xetra, the most liquid exchange for ETF trading in Europe.

Retail investors benefit from easy access through numerous DIY/online brokers, coupled with our robust and secure physical ETP structure, which includes a redemption feature.

Contact

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Institutional investors clients@bitwiseinvestments.com

Sie haben Fragen?

Frag Jan

Jan Altmann ist ETF-Experte und erfahrener Referent von Online-Seminaren und Präsenzseminaren. Seit 2022 ist Altmann Direktor Investment Strategy der ETC Group im deutschsprachigen Raum, dem führenden deutschen Krypto ETP Anbieter.

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