Kryptofonde - hvad er forskellen mellem ETP, ETC og ETN?

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Krypto ETF'er, ETP'er, ETC'er og ETN'er: Hvad er forskellene, og hvordan fungerer de? | Bitwise

I januar i år blev de første kryptofonde (ETF'er, altså børshandlede fonde for kryptovalutaer) godkendt i USA. Her i Europa er det for øjeblikket ikke muligt at investere i sådanne fonde. Investorer kan dog nemt og omkostningseffektivt deltage i udviklingen af bitcoin og andre kryptovalutaer via såkaldte børshandlede produkter . Men hvad er kryptofonde eller ETF'er egentlig? Og hvad er forskellen på fonde, der går under betegnelserne ETP, ETC eller ETN? Vi klarlægger de vigtigste spørgsmål.

  1. Hvad er en kryptofond, og hvordan fungerer den?
  2. Hvorfor findes der ingen bitcoinfonde i Europa?
  3. ETP'er med kryptovalutaer som underliggende aktiver: det europæiske alternativ
  4. ETC'er: alternativet for råvaremarkedet (børsnoterede råvarer)
  5. ETN'er: børsnoterede gældsforpligtelser
  6. Hvad er en kryptofond, og hvordan fungerer den?

Godkendelsen af den første spot-ETF for bitcoin i USA blev fulgt af en del mediebevågenhed. Forventningerne var store til, at fonden hurtigt ville stige i værdi. Allerede i de første handelsdage kunne ETF-leverandørerne konstatere, at lanceringen var vellykket. Efter blot to uger rapporterede verdens største kapitalforvalter, BlackRock, tilstrømninger på over to milliarder USD til deres børshandlede fond iShares Bitcoin Trust (IBIT). Det er næsten dobbelt så meget som den største sammenlignelige produkt i Europa, ETC Group Physical Bitcoin – forkortet BTCE - havde fået ind tre et halvt år efter lanceringen.

Børshandlede bitcoin-fonde gør det lettere for institutionelle og private investorer at investere i kryptovalutaer. Selvom der allerede tidligere var ETF'er for bitcoin i USA, investerede disse ikke direkte i kryptovalutaen, men forsøgte at replikere prisudviklingen for Bitcoin via terminshandel. Investoren bærer så en højere udstederrisiko.

Derudover er replikering dyrere og mindre pålidelig, da der ofte forekommer afvigelser fra prisen på den underliggende aktiver. Spot-ETF'er køber derimod bitcoins direkte og beskytter dermed investorer mod den modpartsrisiko, der er forbundet med børshandlede produkter ved en udsteders konkurs.

Hvorfor findes der ingen bitcoinfonde i Europa?

Investorer i EU kan ikke købe bitcoinfonde på samme måde som investorer i USA kan. Årsagen til dette er, at ETF'er kategoriseres som værdipapirfonde i EU. De skal opfylde to kriterier: For det første skal aktiverne være værdipapirer. For det andet skal værdipapirfondene diversificere deres aktiver. Det er ikke tilladt at investere i en enkelt aktiv. Disse regler er til for at beskytte investorerne, så de lettere kan forstå, hvad en produkt består af og hvordan den fungerer.

Disse regler betyder, at ETF'er ikke må indeholde kryptovalutaer i EU, da disse ikke er værdipapirer i lovens forstand, og det ikke er tilladt at investere i kun en aktiv. Det samme gælder for eksempel guld. I EU har investorer dog i mange år kunnet investere i enkelte kryptovalutaer eller en gruppe af kryptovalutaer (en "kurv" eller "basket") gennem andre produkter, nemlig børshandlede produkter (ETP'er) for kryptovalutaer.

ETP'er med kryptovalutaer som underliggende aktiver: det europæiske alternativ

Børshandlede produkter - forkortet ETP - er faktisk den generiske betegnelse for børshandlede værdipapirer, der følger udviklingen af andre aktiver eller en indeks. Børshandlede produkter (ETP'er) opdeles i Europa i følgende tre kategorier: ETF'er (Exchange Traded Funds), ETC'er (Exchange Traded Commodities/Currencies) og ETN'er (Exchange Traded Notes).

Akronymen ETP bruges ofte synonymt med ETC (Exchange Traded Cryptocurrency eller børshandlet kryptovaluta), f.eks. inden for kryptosegmentet. Ligesom med aktier og fonde handles de via en almindelig VP-konto. Juridisk set er ETP'er gældsbeviser for den respektive udsteder.

Sådanne produkter er noteret på børser og handles på samme måde som aktier, hvilket betyder, at deres pris varierer fra dag til dag. Da ETP'er er designet til at replikere afkastet af et underliggende aktiv eller benchmark, styres deres pris ud fra priserne på de underliggende investeringer, de følger..

ETC'er: alternativet for råvaremarkedet

I EU er børsnoterede råvarer, forkortet ETC, en underkategori af ETP'er. Som navnet antyder, bruges disse produkter til at investere i enkeltråvarer eller råvarekurve. Den mest kendte ETC er den for guld. Den har været på markedet siden 2004, og konceptet er derfor velafprøvet.

ETC Group har ændret forkortelsen til "Exchange Traded Crypto", fordi ETP'er på kryptovalutaer fungerer på samme måde som ETC'er på guld.

Ligesom for spot-ETF'er i USA spores udviklingen af bitcoin og andre kryptovalutaer med forholdet 1:1. I Europa er ETC Group den største leverandør af ETP'er for kryptovalutaer. De forvalter aktiver til en værdi af over 1 milliard euro.

Den største og mest handlede ETP på markedet er ETC Group Physical Bitcoin. Men der er flere udbydere og også ETP'er for andre kryptovalutaer som f.eks. cardano, ethereum, litecoin, solana og XRP

ETC Group er også den første i verden til at lancere en ETP med en kurv af kryptovalutaer der følger MSCI Digital Assets Select Index. Dette produkt følger udviklingen for de 20 førende investerbare kryptovalutaer. Sammen udgør de cirka 85 procent af den samlede markedsværdi af alle kryptovalutaer.

Ligesom alle produkter fra ETC Group er denne ETP sikret fysisk med underliggende kryptovalutaer. Investorer kan derfor på en sikker, enkel og omkostningseffektiv måde investere passivt og diversificeret på kryptomarkedet..

ETN'er: børsnoterede gældsforpligtelser

Ud over ETP'er på kryptovaluta og råvarer findes der i Europa også børsnoterede obligationer - forkortet ETN. Med en ETN kan investorer investere i yderligere underliggende aktiver eller strategier, som ikke kan dækkes af andre produkter. Som et eksempel kan nævnes ETN'er på indekser som DAX, der er belånt mindst tre gange. ETN fungerer dermed som et supplement til de andre produktkategorier. Rent juridisk er ETN'er også rentebærende værdipapirer. Investorer bør derfor altid være opmærksomme på, om og hvordan produktet er sikret. I bedste fald er de ligesom alle ETC Groups produkter fysisk sikrede, dvs. hver andel er bakket op til 100 procent af kryptovalutaerne. For ETC Groups vedkommende besidder de panteretten i de kryptovalutaer, der opbevares af en uafhængig forvalter, som råder over aktiverne til fordel for investorerne i tilfælde af udstederens insolvens. I modsætning til ETC'er har ETN'er ofte en begrænset løbetid, hvilket også øger risikoen i investeringerne.

Important information:

This article does not constitute investment advice, nor does it constitute an offer or solicitation to buy financial products. This article is for general informational purposes only, and there is no explicit or implicit assurance or guarantee regarding the fairness, accuracy, completeness, or correctness of this article or the opinions contained therein. It is advised not to rely on the fairness, accuracy, completeness, or correctness of this article or the opinions contained therein. Please note that this article is neither investment advice nor an offer or solicitation to acquire financial products or cryptocurrencies.

Before investing in crypto ETPs, potentional investors should consider the following:

Potential investors should seek independent advice and consider relevant information contained in the base prospectus and the final terms for the ETPs, especially the risk factors mentioned therein. The invested capital is at risk, and losses up to the amount invested are possible. The product is subject to inherent counterparty risk with respect to the issuer of the ETPs and may incur losses up to a total loss if the issuer fails to fulfill its contractual obligations. The legal structure of ETPs is equivalent to that of a debt security. ETPs are treated like other securities.

About Bitwise

Bitwise is one of the world’s leading crypto specialist asset managers. Thousands of financial advisors, family offices, and institutional investors across the globe have partnered with us to understand and access the opportunities in crypto. Since 2017, Bitwise has established a track record of excellence managing a broad suite of index and active solutions across ETPs, separately managed accounts, private funds, and hedge fund strategies—spanning both the U.S. and Europe.

In Europe, for the past four years Bitwise (previously ETC Group) has developed an extensive and innovative suite of crypto ETPs, including Europe’s largest and most liquid bitcoin ETP.

This family of crypto ETPs is domiciled in Germany and approved by BaFin. We exclusively partner with reputable entities from the traditional financial industry, ensuring that 100% of the assets are securely stored offline (cold storage) through regulated custodians.

Our European products comprise a collection of carefully designed financial instruments that seamlessly integrate into any professional portfolio, providing comprehensive exposure to crypto as an asset class. Access is straightforward via major European stock exchanges, with primary listings on Xetra, the most liquid exchange for ETF trading in Europe.

Retail investors benefit from easy access through numerous DIY/online brokers, coupled with our robust and secure physical ETP structure, which includes a redemption feature.

Contact

General Inquiries europe@bitwiseinvestments.com
Institutional investors clients@bitwiseinvestments.com

Sie haben Fragen?

Frag Jan

Jan Altmann ist ETF-Experte und erfahrener Referent von Online-Seminaren und Präsenzseminaren. Seit 2022 ist Altmann Direktor Investment Strategy der ETC Group im deutschsprachigen Raum, dem führenden deutschen Krypto ETP Anbieter.

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