Bitcoin-halvering enkelt forklart: Hva er det?

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Bitcoinhalveringen i april 2024 enkelt forklart: Hva er det? | Bitwise

Neste bitcoin-halvering er planlagt til april i år. Belønningen for bitcoin-miners vil da halveres for fjerde gang. Men hva er egentlig en bitcoin-halvering? Hvordan påvirkes prisen på kryptovalutaen av halveringen? Her gir vi deg svarene på disse viktige spørsmålene:

  1. Hva betyr bitcoin-halvering?
  2. Hvordan fungerer halveringen?
  3. Halvering - belønningen for miners senkes
  4. Hvilke konsekvenser får en bitcoin-halvering?
  5. Påvirker bitcoin halveringen prisen?
  6. Hvorfor kan antallet miners minske?

Hva betyr bitcoin-halvering?

Bitcoinentusiaster venter spent på neste halvering av Bitcoin som forventes å skje i april i år. Selv om en nøyaktig dato ikke er fastsatt ennå, vil hendelsen ha en betydelig effekt på Bitcoin og prosessene bak det. Halvering anses som en av de viktigste hendelsene i Bitcoin-protokollen. Det refererer til hastigheten der nye bitcoins opprettes. Denne mekanismen ble definert algoritmisk allerede da Bitcoin ble opprettet. Formålet er å bremse ned hastigheten der nye deler av kryptovalutaen opprettes, noe som til slutt stabiliserer verdien. For å forstå Bitcoin-halvering bør man sette seg inn i grunnlaget for konseptet..

Hvordan fungerer halveringen?

Den første, mest kjente og suverent største kryptovalutaen, bitcoin, opprettes gjennom en prosess som kalles "mining" (kryptoutvinning). Mining innebærer at deltakeren – mineren – bearbeider transaksjoner på bitcoins blokkjede ved å gjøre matematiske beregninger. Belønningen de får for å delta i nettverket er nye bitcoins, omtrent som å grave etter gull i en gruve. Denne prosessen utføres av datamaskiner som må løse komplekse matematiske problemer for å validere transaksjoner og skape nye bitcoins. Som belønning for dette beregningsarbeidet får miners både transaksjonsgebyrer og et bestemt antall nye bitcoins. Slik fungerer bitcoinmodellen kort sagt..

Halvering - belønningen for miners senkes

Bitcoin-protokollen er utformet slik at det vil være 21 millioner bitcoins ved slutten av gruveprosessen. Dette er det maksimale antallet bitcoins som noen gang vil eksistere. Belønningen for å utføre gruvedrift blir halvert for hvert 210 000. blokk, noe som har skjedd omtrent hvert fjerde år så langt. Dette er mekanismen kjent som "halvering".

Hvor fort dette skjer avhenger av datamaskinenes ytelse. Jo bedre ytelse, desto raskere går det. Derfor er det umulig å forutsi nøyaktig når halveringen vil finne sted på forhånd. Når halveringen skjer, blir belønningen for hvert innløst blokk i blokkkjeden halvert.

Opprinnelig var belønningen 50 bitcoins for hvert blokk. Ved den første halveringen i 2012 ble dette antallet redusert til 25. Ved den andre halveringen i 2016 ble belønningen redusert til 12,5 bitcoins per blokk. Den siste halveringen fant sted i mai 2020, da belønningen ble halvert til 6,25 bitcoins per blokk. I april i år, når neste halvering er forventet å skje, vil denne belønningen reduseres til 3,125 bitcoins per blokk.

Hvilke konsekvenser får en bitcoin-halvering?

En bitcoinhalvering har betydelige konsekvenser for hele bitcoinsystemet og markedet. En av de mest åpenbare konsekvensene er at færre nye bitcoins blir utstedt, noe som fører til en deflasjonseffekt. Fordi det blir skapt færre bitcoins per blokk, reduseres hastigheten på hvor fort nye bitcoins kommer i omløp. Dette betyr at færre bitcoins kommer ut på markedet. Dette skiller seg fra tradisjonelle valutaer som euroen eller dollaren, hvis verdi kan økes eller reduseres av regjeringer og sentralbanker.

Ved å begrense tilbudet av bitcoin på denne måten, styrkes tilliten til at kryptovalutaen vil beholde sin verdi, noe som hindrer verdifall - inflasjon - som er typisk for tradisjonelle fiatvalutaer.

Påvirker bitcoin halveringen prisen?

En annen viktig effekt av denne halveringen er at prisen på bitcoin kan påvirkes. Historiske data viser at halveringer ofte følges av prisøkninger, men det er selvfølgelig ingen garantier for dette. Men logikken bak er tydelig - hvis færre bitcoins kommer ut på markedet, vil tilbudet øke i langsommere tempo. I tillegg reduseres insentivet for gruvearbeidere å utvinne, siden de får færre bitcoins som belønning for arbeidet sitt. Forretningsmodellen deres er vanligvis basert på å selge hele avkastningen sin i form av bitcoin - så lavere avkastning betyr at færre bitcoins kommer ut på markedet.

Samtidig påvirker denne hendelsen selvfølgelig også interessenter som opererer på markedet. Når ikke like mange nye bitcoins utgis som tidligere, kan det føre til valutaspekulasjon. Investorer kjøper bitcoins i troen på at knappheten vil føre til at prisen stiger. Denne økte kjøpsaktiviteten kan i seg selv føre til at prisen stiger.

Prisen på kryptovalutaer avhenger altså av mange forskjellige faktorer. La oss se på hva som har skjedd historisk sett. ETC Groups analyser viser at effekten på prisen først ble statistisk signifikant rundt 100 dager etter hver halvering, og 200 dager etter en halvering ble prisens effekt i stor grad statistisk signifikant. André Dragosch, forskningssjef hos ETC Group, antar derfor at effekten av halveringene på bitcoin-prisen aldri kan forutsies fullt ut på forhånd, til tross for markedets forventninger.

Hvorfor kan antallet miners minske?

I tillegg kan halveringene også påvirke lønnsomheten for bitcoin-gruvedrift. Fordi belønningen for å drive med gruvedrift blir halvert, kan det hende at noen gruvearbeidere ikke lenger kan utvinne med fortjeneste. Dette gjelder spesielt når energikostnadene er høye. Dette kan føre til at bransjen konsolideres når noen gruvearbeidere forlater markedet.

Færre leverandører betyr at de større gruvebassengene får mer innflytelse, noe som igjen fører til at den ønskede desentraliseringen av bitcoin-nettverket forringes. Men hvis prisen på bitcoin stiger, kan det til slutt likevel bety at de fleste gruvearbeidere klarer å dekke kostnadene sine.

Konklusjonen vi kan trekke av dette er tydelig: bitcoin-halveringen er en del av den opprinnelige utformingen av kryptovalutaen og hjelper til med å forhindre inflasjon i systemet. Den har til hensikt å regulere tilbudet og gradvis øke knappheten på bitcoin til det maksimale antallet på 21 millioner bitcoin er nådd. Det er vanskelig å anslå effektene på kort sikt. Halveringene som har skjedd så langt, har imidlertid ført til at prisen på bitcoin har økt på mellomlang og lang sikt.

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Frag Jan

Jan Altmann ist ETF-Experte und erfahrener Referent von Online-Seminaren und Präsenzseminaren. Seit 2022 ist Altmann Direktor Investment Strategy der ETC Group im deutschsprachigen Raum, dem führenden deutschen Krypto ETP Anbieter.

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