Proof-of-Stake (PoS) und Proof-of-Work (PoW) – Was ist der Unterschied?

Proof-of-Work (PoW) vs. Proof-of-Stake (PoS): Was ist der Unterschied und welche Vor- und Nachteile haben diese Konsensmechanismen in Blockchain-Netzwerken im Vergleich.
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Proof-of-Stake (PoS) und Proof-of-Work (PoW) sind zwei unterschiedliche Konsensmechanismen, die in Blockchain-Netzwerken verwendet werden, um Transaktionen zu verifizieren und neue Blöcke zur Blockchain hinzuzufügen. Doch was steckt hinter diesen Begriffen und was sind die Unterschiede? In diesem Beitrag erklären wir, was Proof-of-Stake und Proof-of-Work sind und welche Vor- und Nachteile diese Verfahren haben.

  1. Was ist Proof-of-Work (PoW)?
  2. Was steckt hinter Proof-of-Stake (PoS)?
  3. Proof-of-Work und Proof-of-Stake im Vergleich

1. Was ist Proof-of-Work (PoW)?

Das Grundprinzip von Proof-of-Work ist recht einfach und jedem geläufig, der sich regelmäßig im Internet bewegt: Die dahinter Idee, dass ein Dienstnutzer zuerst selbst etwas Arbeit verrichten muss, bevor er den Dienst in Anspruch nehmen darf. Das Prinzip wird regelmäßig zur Verifizierung eingesetzt, mit der belegt werden soll, dass man ein Mensch und kein Bot ist. Seinen ersten Einsatz fand das Verfahren zur Eindämmung von Spam-Mails.

Übertragen auf Kryptowährungen ist das Grundprinzip das Gleiche, der Schwierigkeitsgrad der Aufgaben allerdings um einiges höher. Hier konkurrieren Miner darum, komplexe mathematische Probleme zu lösen. Der erste Miner, der das Problem löst, darf den nächsten Block zur Blockchain hinzufügen und erhält dafür eine Vergütung in Form von Kryptowährungen. Diese Aufgaben sind als kryptographische Rätsel oder Hashing-Probleme bekannt. Wichtig sind hier zwei Faktoren:

  • Energieeffizienz: PoW erfordert erhebliche Rechenleistung und damit Energie, da Miner spezialisierte Hardware verwenden, um die Probleme zu lösen.
  • Sicherheit: Die Sicherheit von PoW basiert auf der Tatsache, dass es sehr schwierig und kostspielig ist, die benötigte Rechenleistung zu kontrollieren, um das Netzwerk anzugreifen.

Das Proof-of-Work-Verfahren wird beispielsweise beim Bitcoin verwendet und kam beim Ethereum-Netzwerk vor dem Übergang zu Ethereum 2.0 zum Einsatz.

2. Was steckt hinter Proof-of-Stake (PoS)?

Im Gegensatz zum PoW-Verfahren soll beim Proof-of-Stake-Modell die Sicherheit über den Besitz nicht über Rechenleistung erreicht werden. Sogenannte Validatoren werden nach der Anzahl der Token, die sie besitzen und bereit sind, als Einsatz (sogenannter Stake) zu hinterlegen, ausgewählt, um den nächsten Block hinzufügen zu dürfen. Die Wahrscheinlichkeit, ausgewählt zu werden, steigt mit der Menge der eingesetzten Token. Anschließend wetten die Validatoren auf die Blöcke, die ihrer Meinung nach als nächstes der Blockchain hinzugefügt werden. Behalten sie Recht, bekommen sie eine sogenannte Blockbelohnung, deren Höhe sich an ihrem Einsatz bemisst. Zu beachten sind:

  • Energieeffizienz: PoS erfordert erheblich weniger Energie als PoW, da es keine aufwendigen Berechnungen mehr gibt. Validatoren werden basierend auf ihrem Einsatz an Token ausgewählt, nicht aufgrund der Rechenleistung.
  • Sicherheit: PoS setzt darauf, dass Angreifer mehr Token einsetzen müssten, um das Netzwerk zu kontrollieren, was teuer und riskant wäre. Angreifer riskieren also den Verlust ihrer eingesetzten Token, was abschreckend wirken kann.

Beispiele für den Einsatz des Proof-of-Stake-Verfahren sind Ethereum (nach dem Übergang zu Ethereum 2.0) sowie Cardano und Polkadot.

3. Proof-of-Work und Proof-of-Stake im Vergleich

Wir vergleichen die Vor- und Nachteile beider Verfahren im direkten Vergleich:

  • Energieverbrauch: PoW verbraucht deutlich mehr Energie als PoS, da hier eine hohe Rechenleistung nötig ist.
  • Hardware: PoW benötigt spezielle Hardware (ASICs), um die mathematischen Probleme zu lösen. Bei PoS gibt es keine speziellen Anforderungen an die Hardware.
  • Dezentralisierung: PoW kann zu einer Zentralisierung des Systems führen, da große Mining-Pools den Markt dominieren könnten. PoS fördert dagegen die Dezentralisierung, indem es eine breite Teilnahme von Validatoren ermöglicht.
  • Anreizstruktur: Bei PoW erhalten Miner eine Belohnung für das Lösen von kryptographischen Problemen und das Hinzufügen von Blöcken. In PoS erhalten Validatoren Belohnungen für das Bereitstellen und Halten von Token als Einsatz im Netzwerk.
  • Risiken: Bei PoW besteht das Risiko eines sogenannten 51%-Angriffs, bei dem eine Gruppe von Minern mehr als die Hälfte der Rechenleistung kontrolliert. Bei PoS besteht das Risiko eines Angriffs, wenn ein Validator oder eine Gruppe von Validatoren einen großen Anteil der Token besitzt.

Sowohl Proof-of-Stake als auch Proof-of-Work haben also ihre Vor- und Nachteile. Welcher Konsensmechanismus im Netzwerk genutzt wird, hängt dann von den spezifischen Anforderungen und Zielen des jeweiligen Blockchain-Netzwerks ab.

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