Krypto-ETF – Was ist der Unterschied zu ETP, ETC und ETN?

Krypto-ETF, ETP, ETC & ETN: Unterschiede einfach erklärt
En En It It

In den USA wurden im Januar 2024 die ersten ETFs auf Kryptowährungen zugelassen. In Europa wird es solche ETF vorerst nicht geben, doch auch hier können Anleger über sogenannte Exchange Traded Products einfach und kostengünstig an der Wertentwicklung von Bitcoin und Co. partizipieren. Doch was sind Krypto-ETFs eigentlich. Und was unterscheidet einen ETF von einem ETP, ETC oder ETN? Wir klären die wichtigsten Fragen.

Was genau ist ein Krypto-ETF und wie funktioniert er?

Mit viel medialem Echo wurde die Zulassung der ersten Spot-ETF auf den Bitcoin in den USA begleitet. Schon im Vorfeld hatten diese und anderen Kryptowährungen deutlich zulegen können. Und bereits die ersten Handelstage waren für die ETF-Anbieter ein Erfolg. So meldete der weltweit größte Vermögensverwalter BlackRock für seinen Exchange Traded Fund namens iShares Bitcoin Trust (IBIT) nach nur zwei Wochen Zuflüsse in Höhe von über 2 Milliarden US-Dollar. Das ist fast doppelt soviel, wie das größte vergleichbare Produkt in Europa, der Bitwise Physical Bitcoin ETP – kurz BTCE – dreieinhalb Jahre nach seiner Auflage an Volumen auf die Waage brachte.

Die börsengehandelten Bitcoin-Fonds erleichtern institutionellen und privaten Anlegern das Investment in Kryptowährungen. In den USA gab es zuvor zwar Bitcoin-ETFs, aber diese investierten nicht direkt in die Kryptowährung, sondern versuchten, über den Future-Handel die Kursentwicklung des Bitcoin nachzubilden. Dabei trägt der Anleger ein höheres Emittentenrisiko.

Außerdem ist das Nachbilden teurer und weniger zuverlässig, da es häufig zu Abweichungen vom Referenzwert kommt. Die Spot-ETFs kaufen Bitcoins dagegen direkt und schützen als Sondervermögen die Anleger gegen den Ausfall des Emittenten.

Warum gibt es keinen Bitcoin-ETF in Europa?

Anleger in der Europäischen Union können keine Bitcoin-ETF wie in den USA kaufen. Das hat seinen Grund, denn in der EU werden ETF als Publikums-Wertpapierfonds eingestuft. Und die müssen zwei Kriterien erfüllen: Zum einen muss es sich bei den Vermögensgegenständen um Wertpapiere handeln. Zum anderen müssen Publikumsfonds die Anlagegelder diversifiziert anlegen. Ein Investment in ein einziges Asset ist nicht gestattet. Solche Standards dienen dem Anlegerschutz, denn so lässt sich leichter erkennen, was hinter einem Produkt steckt.

Somit fallen Kryptowährungen für ETF in der EU aus, da es sich rechtlich nicht um Wertpapiere handelt und ein Investment in nur ein Asset nicht gestattet ist. Gleiches gilt beispielsweise auch für Gold. Allerdings können Anleger in der EU schon seit vielen Jahren über andere Produkte in einzelne Kryptowährungen oder eine Gruppe von Kryptos („Basket“) investieren, und zwar mit Krypto-ETPs.

ETP auf Kryptowährungen: Die europäische Alternative

Exchange-Traded Products – kurz ETPs – ist eigentlich der Oberbegriff für börsengehandelte Wertpapiere, die die Wertentwicklung andere Vermögenswerte oder eines Index abbilden. Exchange Traded Products (ETPs) werden in Europa in die folgenden drei Kategorien unterteilt: ETFs (Exchange Traded Funds), ETCs (Exchange Traded Commodities/Currencies) und ETNs (Exchange Traded Notes).

Häufig wird der Begriff ETP synonym mit ETC (Exchange Traded Cryptocurrency) verwendet, bspw. im Kryptosegment. Der Handel erfolgt wie bei Aktien oder Fonds über ein gewöhnliches Wertpapierkonto. Rechtlich sind ETPs Schuldverschreibungen des jeweiligen Emittenten.

An Börsen notiert, werden solche Produkte ähnlich wie Aktien gehandelt, was bedeutet, dass ihre Preise von Tag zu Tag schwanken können. Die Preise von ETPs werden jedoch von den zugrunde liegenden Anlagen abgeleitet, die sie nachbilden, da sie die Rendite eines Vermögenswerts oder einer Benchmark nachbilden sollen.

ETC: Die Alternative für den Rohstoffmarkt

Als eine Unterkategorie der ETPs gibt es in der Europäischen Union die Exchange-Traded Commodities, kurz ETCs. Wie es der Name schon suggeriert, wird mit diesen Produkten in einzelne Rohstoffe oder Rohstoffkörbe investiert. Der bekannteste Vertreter sind die Gold-ETCs, die sich bereits seit dem Jahr 2004 auf dem Markt befinden. Das Konzept ist also bewährt.

Die ETC Group (seit der Übernahme durch Bitwise im August 2024) hatte ursprünglich das Akronym in „Exchange Traded Crypto“ umgemünzt, denn die ETPs auf Kryptowährungen funktionieren hier nach dem gleichen Prinzip wie bei den Gold ETCs.

Wie auch bei den Spot-ETFs in den USA wird die Wertentwicklung des Bitcoin oder anderer Kryptowährungen 1:1 nachgebildet. In Europa ist Bitwise mit einem verwalteten Vermögen von mehreren Milliarden Euro einer der größten Anbieter von ETPs auf Kryptowährungen.

Der seit seiner Erstauflage am meisten gehandelte ETP im Markt ist der Bitwise Physical Bitcoin ETP. Daneben gibt es weitere Anbieter und ETP auf andere Kryptowährungen wie Cardano, Ethereum, Litecoin, Solana oder Ripple (XRP).

Als erster Anbieter weltweit hat Bitwise (in Europa vormals unter dem Markennamen ETC Group) zudem einen Krypto-Basket-ETP auf den MSCI Digital Assets Select Index auf den Markt gebracht. Dieses Produkt bildet die Wertentwicklung der 20 führenden investierbaren Coins ab, zusammen repräsentieren sie etwa 85 Prozent der gesamten Marktkapitalisierung aller Kryptos.

Wie alle Produkte von Bitwise ist auch dieser Basket vollständig hinterlegt. Somit bietet er Anlegern eine sichere, einfache und kostengünstige Möglichkeit, passiv und diversifiziert in den Kryptomarkt zu investieren.

ETN: Das Vehikel für komplexe Anlagen

Neben den ETPs auf Kryptowährungen und Rohstoffe gibt es in Europa auch Exchanged Traded Notes – ETNs. Mit einem ETN können Anleger in weitere Basiswerte oder Strategien investieren, die mit anderen Produkten nicht abgedeckt werden können. Dazu gehören beispielsweise ETN auf Indizes wie den DAX, die mindestens dreifach gehebelt werden. Insofern ergänzen ETN die anderen Produktkategorien.

Rein rechtlich handelt es sich bei ETNs um Schuldverschreibungen. Daher sollten Anleger stets prüfen, ob und in welcher Form das jeweilige Produkt besichert ist. Im besten Fall – wie bei den Produkten von Bitwise – sind diese vollständig hinterlegt, das heißt: Jeder Anteil ist zu 100 Prozent mit der zugrunde liegenden Kryptowährung besichert. Das Pfandrecht an den hinterlegten Kryptowährungen liegt bei einem unabhängigen Treuhänder, der im Falle einer Insolvenz des Emittenten zugunsten der Anleger über die Vermögenswerte verfügt. Im Gegensatz zu ETCs haben viele ETNs zudem eine begrenzte Laufzeit, was das potenzielle Risiko für Investoren zusätzlich erhöhen kann. An der Deutschen Börse XETRA werden Krypto-Wertpapiere – unabhängig von ihrer tatsächlichen Struktur – im ETN-Segment gelistet. Diese technische Zuordnung hat in der Vergangenheit wiederholt zu Verwirrung geführt, auch bei Fachmedien, insbesondere in Bezug auf das Insolvenzrisiko.

Dabei gilt: Die Segmentbezeichnung sagt nichts über den Grad der Besicherung aus. Nur vollständig hinterlegte Produkte mit klarer rechtlicher Struktur – wie jene von Bitwise – bieten Investoren ein hohes Maß an Transparenz und Schutz im Rahmen geltender Regularien.

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This document (which may take the form of a presentation, press release, social media post, blog article, broadcast communication or similar instrument – collectively referred to as a “Document”) is issued by Bitwise Europe GmbH (“BEU” or the “Issuer”) and has been prepared in accordance with applicable laws and regulations, including those relating to financial promotions.

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About Bitwise

Bitwise is one of the world’s leading crypto specialist asset managers. Thousands of financial advisors, family offices, and institutional investors across the globe have partnered with us to understand and access the opportunities in crypto. Since 2017, Bitwise has established a track record of excellence managing a broad suite of delta-one, index and active solutions across ETPs, ETFs, separately managed accounts, private funds, and hedge fund strategies, spanning both the U.S. and Europe.

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FRAGEN? WIR HELFEN GERN Direkt, kompetent, persönlich.

Frag Jan

Jan Altmann ist ETF-Experte und erfahrener Referent von Online-Seminaren und Präsenzseminaren. Seit 2022 ist Altmann Direktor Investment Strategy von Bitwise im deutschsprachigen Raum, dem führenden Anbieter von in Deutschland aufgelegten Krypto ETPs.

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