Kryptobørser, wallets eller børsnoterede produkter - hvordan investerer man bedst i kryptovalutaer?

Hvad er Bitcoin og Hvordan Fungerer Det? | Bitwise
  1. Har kryptovalutaer etableret sig som en aktivklasse?
  2. Tæller bitcoin, ethereum, solana med flere som direkte investeringer?
  3. At købe kryptovalutaer via kryptobørser og markedspladser
  4. At købe kryptovalutaer via værdipapirer og derivater
  5. Passiv diversificering på kryptomarkedet med en enkelt børsnoteret produkt

Kryptovalutaer har etableret sig som en alternativ aktivaklasse i finansverdenen. Investorer kan deltage i denne udvikling på forskellige måder, for eksempel ved at investere direkte i kryptovalutaer med en egen tegnebog eller via en kryptobørs. Som en indirekte mulighed kan man bruge regulerede børsnoterede produkter som Exchanged Traded Products (ETP). Hvad er fordelene og ulemperne ved de forskellige muligheder, og hvilke udfordringer og risici skal man som investor regne med? Vi klarlægger, hvad der gælder.

Kryptovalutaer har etableret sig som en aktivklasse

Kryptovalutaer har oplevet en stor tilbagevenden i løbet af 2023. Værdien af ​​kun bitcoin er mere end fordoblet på tolv måneder, hvilket har givet investorer en højere afkastning end på noget andet aktivklasse. Samtidig har de digitale valutaer etableret sig i finansverdenen. Børsnoterede produkter (ETP'er) for kryptovalutaer har eksisteret i Europa i flere år. De første fonde (ETF'er) for bitcoin blev godkendt i USA i starten af ​​2024. Det betyder, at investorer, via de populære investeringsinstrumenter, nu også kan investere i bitcoin og andre kryptovalutaer på verdens største kapitalmarked.

Bitcoin er stadig den klart største kryptovaluta. I januar 2024 havde den en samlet markedsværdi på cirka 735 milliarder euro. I øjeblikket svarer dette til omtrent den samlede markedsværdi af de seks største aktier i DAX. Men værdien af ​​verdens ældste digitale valuta er også flere gange højere end de ni kryptovalutaer, der kommer efter i rækkefølgen. Der findes nu flere tusinde forskellige digitale valutaer, men meget få af dem har nogen reel relevans.

I dag kan man investere i kryptovalutaer på hovedsageligt tre måder: som et direkte køb via en personlig digital tegnebog, via en kryptobørs eller indirekte, f.eks. via børsnoterede produkter.

Kryptovalutaer som direkte investering

Alle, der investerer i kryptovalutaer som bitcoin, ethereum eller solana, kan gøre det på traditionel vis ved at foretage et direkte køb. Dette kræver, at man har en egen digital tegnebog. Investoren kan derefter købe og sælge kryptovaluta via sin tegnebog. Dog opbevares de digitale valutaer ikke direkte i disse "tegnebøger". I stedet opbevares de i en såkaldt blockchain, hvor investorer kan administrere deres beholdninger via en adgangskode.

I princippet kan alle, der kender opbevaringsstedet ("offentlig adresse") og den tilhørende adgangskode ("privat nøgle"), få adgang til beholdningen. Denne form for investering har mange fordele, men indebærer også visse udfordringer. En fordel er, at investoren kan bruge sine digitale mønter eller "tokens" til køb i forskellige netbutikker. Metoden tilbyder også en vis sikkerhed, forudsat at brugeren ikke glemmer sin adgangskode, eller at uvedkommende får fat i den.

Investoren har også "fysisk" besiddelse af sit kryptoindehav. Dette giver bedre kontrol over investeringen sammenlignet med, hvis kryptovalutaen opbevares på en kryptobørs. Det beskytter beholdningen mod hackerangreb og gør, at investoren undgår risikoen for at blive påvirket, hvis en markedspaladsoperatør går konkurs.

Men det er vigtigt at forstå, at hvis du mister adgangsinformationerne til din egen tegnebog, mister du også dens indhold, dvs. hele din investering. Investorer, der ønsker at opbevare deres kryptovalutaer i en personlig tegnebog, bør derfor have en vis teknisk forståelse for, hvordan dette fungerer.

At købe kryptovalutaer via kryptobørser og markedspladser

Hvis du synes, at den tekniske del er for kompliceret, og du ønsker at undgå risikoen for, at dit kodeord kommer på afveje, kan du bruge en af de mange handelspladser, børser og mæglere på internettet som en indgang til kryptoverdenen. Alt hvad du som investor skal gøre, er at registrere dig på en af de mange kryptobørser, og så får du automatisk en digital tegnebog.

Binance, Coinbase, Crypto.com og Kraken er for øjeblikket blandt de største og mest kendte kryptobørser. Den vigtigste forskel er, at det ikke længere er investoren selv, der har nøglen til tegnebogen, men udbyderen. At bruge en sådan kryptobørs har mange fordele, herunder at det er smidigt og praktisk. Investorer kan via disse kryptomæglere handle med kryptovalutaen ved hjælp af en app på deres mobiltelefoner og dermed reagere hurtigt, når der sker noget på markedet. Derudover kan kryptoen overføres til en personlig digital tegnebog. Sidst men ikke mindst er det muligt at handle på disse børser døgnet rundt, også om søndagen og på helligdage.

At købe kryptovaluta via værdipapirer og derivater

Et andet alternativ for dem, der ønsker at inkludere kryptovaluta i deres investeringsportefølje, er at købe finansielle produkter. Der findes en række forskellige muligheder for dem, der ønsker at drage fordel af udviklingen af enkelte kryptovalutaer eller en kurv med valutaer, også kendt som en "basket".

Der er kryptoderivater såsom CFD'er, terminer og optioner. De har alle til fælles, at de ikke investerer i selve kryptovalutaen, men blot satser på, hvordan valutaen vil udvikle sig i fremtiden - med tilhørende risici.

Investorer kan også købe børshandlede produkter (ETP'er), som kan beskrives som værdipapirer, der følger prisen på en aktivklasse, i dette tilfælde kryptovalutaer. Disse fungerer på en lignende måde som kryptofonde, med den forskel, at de kun investerer i en enkelt valuta. En market maker er en likviditetsgarant, der sikrer, at fonden handles tæt på den aktuelle pris på den underliggende kryptovaluta. ETC Group Physical Bitcoin - forkortet BTCE - er i øjeblikket det produkt med højst volumen på markedet.

Passiv diversificering på kryptomarkedet med en enkelt børsnoteret produkt

De børsnoterede produkter kan sammenlignes med at investere i børsnoterede råvarer som guld. Det er ikke svært at begynde at handle med børsnoterede produkter. Det eneste, der kræves for at købe børsnoterede produkter, er en værdipapirkonto og en clearingkonto hos en bank eller en direktemægler. Børsnoterede produkter godkendes af de nationale tilsynsmyndigheder i EU, såsom Bafin i Tyskland, og kan nemt bestilles med tilsvarende ISIN. Dette sker på samme måde som når du køber en aktie eller en fond via de regulerede børser. I Tyskland er dette primært Xetra fra Deutsche Börse AG i Frankfurt. De største udbydere af sådanne kryptoinvesteringer i form af værdipapirer er ETC Group, 21Shares, Coinshares, VanEck og WisdomTree.

Med verdens første kurvprodukt til kryptovalutaer, der følger et MSCI-indeks - ETC Group MSCI Digital Assets Select 20 - er det endda muligt at investere i hele spektret af kryptovalutaer på markedet gennem en enkelt børsnoteret produkt.

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Jan Altmann ist ETF-Experte und erfahrener Referent von Online-Seminaren und Präsenzseminaren. Seit 2022 ist Altmann Direktor Investment Strategy von Bitwise im deutschsprachigen Raum, dem führenden Anbieter von in Deutschland aufgelegten Krypto ETPs.

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